To Speak the Name of the Dead Is to Make Them Live Again

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"To speak the name of the expressionless is to brand him live again" PowerPoint Presentation

"To speak the proper name of the dead is to make him live again"

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"To speak the name of the dead is to brand him live again"

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1. "To speak the proper noun of the dead is to make him live once again"

2. Aboriginal Egypt civilization lasted over 3000 years. Egyptian monuments accept been around so longthat their monuments were ancient fifty-fifty in Greek and Roman times…. but 1 central question has always loomed: how were the pyramids built?

3. The Pyramids are one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Decorating the Nile waterfront they loom over passing boats. They are the lasting reminders of the Pharaohs that once ruled Egypt and of the ability that the nation had. There are More than eighty (80) pyramids were congenital effectually the Nile from 1600 - 2700 BC

4. How did the Egyptian burial practices evolve? • Mastabas • Mummification • Pyramids • Valley of the Kings

5. MASTABAS • Mastaba tombs were depression rectangular brick or stone structures. Like the pyramids, they were congenital on the w side of the Nile (symbol of death, where the dominicus falls into the underworld) • In the mastabas, lavish tombs with all necessary possessions would exist prepared for the Pharaohs • The pyramids evolved from the mastabas

6. PYRAMIDS • Burial TOMBS: four-sided stone structure that symbolizes the sacred mountain, humanity's universal striving to accomplish the heavens. • PURPOSE: because the Pharaoh was viewed as a god, he lived in the spirit globe with the gods. Upon death, he had to be able to return to his trunk on earth, and required a tomb where his torso would exist preserved and surrounded by materials he would need whenever his spirit returned to his body • IMMORTALITY: the ancient belief in raising the human being spirit towards the gods is the quintessential purpose behind the construction of pyramids

7. The Pyramids were built on the west side of the Nile, as the sun sets in the west. This represented the cycle of life (east = rebirth); w= expiry)

8. Valley of the Kings • Beginning with the 18th Dynasty and ending with the 20th, the kings abandoned the Memphis area and built their tombs in Thebes • Likewise abased were the pyramid style tombs • Most of the tombs were cut into the limestone post-obit a similar design: three corridors, an antechamber, and a sunken sarcophagus chamber • These catacombs were harder to rob and were more easily concealed • Construction ordinarily lasted six years, kickoff with the new reign • The text in the tombs are from the Book of the Dead, the Volume of the Gates and the Volume of the Underworld

9. Construction Theories • Pyramid construction is a continuously debated topic • There are no existing records of edifice plans or discussions of construction methods, so no 1 knows exactly what happened • One of the nearly outrageous theories is that aliens congenital them • Archaeologists and engineers take plenty of ideas -- some audio far-fetched and others seem more reasonable

10. Structure Steps • Surveying and digging: choosing a suitable site, orienting it and preparing the foundation • Obtaining building materials: quarrying rocks or making huge stones • Transporting and laying building materials: transporting from the quarrying site to the pyramid and placement of stones • Workforce logistics: finding skilled workers, feeding them and housing them

11. Survey and Excavation • Egyptian builders probably made plans and models of the pyramid • The projects were overseen by the pharaoh's master architect, or vizier • Site with a solid foundation was needed, used mathematics to calculate position and then the pyramid's sides always ran parallel to the north-south and e-westward axes • Used "cubits" (the length from the tip of your middle finger to your elbow) and "hands" (the width of your manus with the pollex on the side) for measurements earthworks post holes at regular intervals (10 cubits) forth the base outline and laid out the site in a grid

12. Survey and Excavation • Laborers excavated and leveled the foundation; two theories be how this was achieved: • Workers poured water into the excavated site and leveled all material to a higher place the waterline. Then they lowered the water level and removed more material, standing the process until the foundation was level. • The builders installed posts at regular intervals. A line, leveled with plumb bobs, was pulled taut across the posts at a reference marker to ensure alignment. Then they could excavate the foundation downwards to the reference marks.

13. Obtaining Edifice Materials • The pyramids were built of limestone, granite, basalt, gypsum (mortar), and baked mud bricks • Iron tools were not available, so workers used copper and stone-cutting tools to carve out the blocks in the quarries • They then used levers to motility the stone blocks away from the quarry site.

14. Transporting Materials • No one knows how laborers were able to become the two.5-ton stone blocks from the quarries to the edifice site • Wheels wouldn't take been useful on the desert sand and gravel, so they most probable dragged the blocks with wooden sleds and ropes; other propose laborers used wooden rollers • For long-distance ship, the blocks were loaded on barges and transported down the Nile; workers dug canals to get the barges nearer to the site

15. Placing Materials • Egyptologists judge that workers placed­ near 300 stones a day during pyramid construction • Several theories -- lever systems, ramps and kites, for case -- attempt to explain how the huge blocks got into place • While laborers placed stones in the cadre, rock cutters were making the chambers, passageways and shafts in the pyramid's interior

19. Theories: Who really built the pyramids? Take me to your pharaoh • The Greek historian Herodotus described the edifice of Khufu'south pyramid past more than 100,000 slaves yet in that location is no evidence of housing for such a big population • Egyptologists discovered housing and food storage places for small gangs of workers • Bear witness suggests 2,000 workers were on site, divided into two large divisions and smaller groups of virtually 200 men and were probably paid and well fed • Some workers were perhaps farmers during almanac flooding of the Nile • Working groups were periodically rotated over the years of pyramid construction, and the full workforce may have been about thirty,000 Some believe aliens helped build the pyramids

20. Imhotep: The Footstep Pyramid at Saqqara • During the early Quondam Kingdom (2680 BCE), King Djoser commissioned Imhotep to build him a memorial tomb that would remind future generations of his luminescence and power • Imhotep took the thought of the mastabas and stacked half-dozen of them ane on top of the other > creating a stairway to Heaven • This became the world's showtime building fabricated completely of stone • Steps in the pyramid were to enable the pharaoh to take his place among the star gods

21. The pyramids evolved from that indicate Later designers were to smooth out the edges Inner burying chambers and hidden passages and tombs were built within the pyramids The pyramids have mathematical dimensions that have stupefied later on societies Development of Design

22. Pharaoh Sneferu (2575-2551 BCE)(father to Khufu) • Most enthusiastic builder of pyramids building at least four pyramids during his reign • At Dashur, a pyramid was built with 2 entrances (north and westward) • However the angle of the first was besides abrupt and complanate • To save the other, the angle of the walls was changed, leaving a bent appearance • This is chosen the "Aptitude Pyramid"!

23. The Red Pyramid was the first to attain the perfect pyramid shape • Stripped from its limestone casing, this pyramid reveals the reddish sandstone used to build most of its core • Its Ancient Egyptian name was "The Shining One". The Red Pyramid at Dashur has the second largest base of any pyramid in Egypt

24. Giza Pyramid:The Groovy Pyramid • Built under the rule of Khufu (Cheops in Greek) exterior of Cairo (Giza) • Belief that Pharaoh would bring together the sunday-god Re every bit Re made his daily journey past boat across the sky. Thus Khufu would need a pyramid shaped similar a sunburst, and so he could climb on the rays of the sun to join Re • Notwithstanding remains the largest stone building on Earth

25. Information technology aligns almost perfectly with a compass

26. A meridian running through the pyramids divides the continents and oceans into 2 equal halves

27. The Pyramid lies in the exact centre of all the land surface area of the world, dividing the world's land mass into approximately equal quarters. • The north-south axis is the longest state elevation, and the east-west axis is the longest land parallel on the globe. At that place is evidently but one place that these longest land-lines of the terrestrial earth can cantankerous, and it is at the Dandy Pyramid!

28. Information technology stands 147 meters loftier

29. Original entrance of the Dandy Pyramid. Pyramid of Giza: Look at the Stats! • Total of two.iii – ii.6 million blocks of limestone were cutting out of the quarries, dressed and transported and fitted together • Each cake weighs average 2.v tons – 15 tons • two.5 tons= approximately 25 refrigerators • seam between blocks were very fine, nigh 1 mm on all half dozen sides • Simply error of less than 0.1% in construction of Cracking Pyramid • Estimated Construction: 20- 80 years

30. Great Pyramids of Giza: Size Stats • 920 meters effectually • Almost 10 football fields could fit within the base. • The expanse of the base is as well equal to about seven city blocks in New York City or almost 13 acres.

31. The rocky structure where the pyramids stand had to be leveled (due south due east corner is just i/3 inch higher than northwest corner! • Corking Pyramid is a sundial. The shadow vicious on pavements and the pavements were marked with the day of the twelvemonth and the hr of the day. • Neat Pyramid is a giant calendar. The Egyptians could employ it to mensurate the length of a year to three decimal places… 365.24

32. Did you know? • The surface of blocks did non crevice along layers after thousands of years of exposure to wind and lord's day • The casing stones, 144,000 in all, were and then bright that they could literally be seen from the mountains of Israel hundreds of miles away. On bright mornings and tardily afternoons, sunlight reflected by this vast mirrored surface of five-1/4 acres distinguished the Pyramid equally being visible from the moon. • Priests of Pharoh Khufu convinced him to pay for all the bills of the Great Pyramid!

33. In the Bedchamber • In the center of the burial chamber, you'll exist 20 m (66 ft) beneath the foundation with over 6 million tons of stone piled higher up you! • Burial chamber filled with riches for Pharaoh to take into afterlife • Inside the pyramids there were false doors, staircases and corridors In the King's Chamber of the Corking Pyramid, laid a stone coffin that contained nix! Rex Khufu had never been placed in his burial place!

34. Pi? • The expanse of the base of the pyramid divided by twice its height gives the figure of pie (3.14) • The height of the Pyramid's noon is 5,812.98 inches, and each side is 9,131 inches from corner to corner (in a directly line). If the circumference of the Pyramid is divided by twice its height (the diameter of a circle is twice the radius), the result is 3.14159, which just happens to be pi. Incredibly, this calculation is accurate to half dozen digits. So the Pyramid is a square circumvolve, and thus pi was designed into it 4,600 years ago. Pi is demonstrated many times throughout the Pyramid.

35. QUESTIONS… • Blocks of granite moved from Aswan (950 km away) each weighing 53.5 tons • How did people go out of pyramids (building trap doors / undercover corridors? • No markings inside the pyramids from torches? • How did they transport the stones? Ramps? Boats? Lifting? • Who built these pyramids?

36. Ability of the Pyramid Shape • Scientists experimented by making model pyramids and placing different types of nutrient in them (unremarkably food that goes bad quickly). The nutrient stayed in expert condition much longer than expected…. • 1959, engineer Karel Drbal did a similar experiment with blunt razor blades. To his astonishment, Drbal found the blades actually became sharp once again when stored in pyramid. He sold his thought to a company who successfully sold plastic models of pyramids.

39. Great Sphinx • Oldest and longest stone sculpture from the Old Kingdom • King of beasts'due south body and a human head, it represents Ra-Horakhtv, a form of the powerful lord's day god, and is the incarnation of imperial ability and the protector of the temple doors • The face up of the Great Sphinx is believed to be that of Chephren, the fourth-dynasty pharaoh who congenital the 2d-largest pyramid in the Giza triad • Carved out of a natural limestone outcrop, the Sphinx is 19.eight metres (65 feet) high and 73.2 metres (240 feet) long • It is located a short distance from the Great Pyramid.

40. The Legacies of the Pyramids LOUVRE, French republic

41. Las Vegas

42. Related Links • Who Built the Pyramids? – Harvard Article • Who Built the Pyramids? – Nova Online • Explore the Pyramids – National Geographic

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Source: https://www.slideserve.com/zahir-melendez/to-speak-the-name-of-the-dead-is-to-make-him-live-again

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